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Yes, but only if you run OS X or connect the recovery partition to the internet (to, for example, factory reset it).
That's because iCloud lockouts occur based on the motherboard serial number. When you connect it to the internet it checks the motherboard's serial number against the systems in iCloud that are scheduled to be locked out. If the serial number matches an earlier lockout request, your system gets locked. If the theft was reported it could also be tracked by authorities in coordination with Apple using the same iCloud servers, which all OS X systems will connect to to get OS updates and App Store downloads and everything else Apple.
Safest is to hold down option at startup, stick a flash drive containing Windows or Linux installation in, and use that to completely wipe the internal drive including the recovery partition. Then run Windows or Linux on it from then on.
Source: At my job we've hunted down idiots who stole Macs from us and turned the info over to the police, who then arrested the idiots and returned the equipment to us. Occasionally we get calls from pawn shops who the idiots sold the equipment to asking us to unlock them, at which point they get placed in contact with the police and do the eternally happy dance of minimum wage pawn shop employees who are caught in possession of stolen property.